The Japanese garden combines a landscape with a cultural expression, forming an immediately recognizable environment. It sharply differs from the design of modern architecture, which displays any type of building anywhere. The French geographer and philosopher Augustin Berque leaned on this relationship between nature and culture, physical geography and symbolic meaning. Having spent several years in Japan, he was inspired by Japanese authors. The concept of “médiance” that he introduced derives from fudosei, a word used by the Japanese author Watsuji for characterizing an environment including both physical features and cultural patterns. The Japanese garden represents at a small scale, what Augustin Berque calls ecumen, speaking of all the inhabited Earth transformed by human culture. The work of Augustin Berque is not quite recent. His book, "Ecumene - Introduction to the study of the human environment", was published in the early 2000's, but we can see its continuing relevance and importance. At a time where globalization, neoliberalism, and productivism tend to destroy landscapes and urban environment in many countries, it emphasizes the need to integrate harmoniously, the physical characteristics of a landscape, land-use planning and culture. If the city of tomorrow is designed while ignoring the history and the cultural heritage of a country, thus renouncing its foundations, it is heading for disaster. Only the close association between the development of a city and a form of cultural expression, which remains compatible with the heritage from the past, leads to a sustainable design. Letting the human hubris decide disproportionate projects, giant towers and huge shopping malls, can meet an immediate search of profit, but not the need for meaning of human beings. Any urban development has also to assume an order and a form of regulation. Deregulation and unbridled settlements of a patchwork of buildings lead to a destruction of the landscape and to a disintegration of the agricultural community. In France, the coastal Act, which has been recently "eased", has allowed so far to preserve the shores. The at least relative preservation of cities like Paris and Rome represents a kind of miracle. This legacy deserves to be defended with perseverance.
