Technology always promises more: abundance of goods, humanity augmented by human-machine coupling, artificial intelligence, discovery of new worlds, prolonged life. The counterpart of these promises is the need to resort to ever more resources. Some of these resources can be renewable (water, biomass), but a very large part of them requires a renewal period that goes far beyond human life. In addition, the abundance of elements present in the earth's crust is very variable, from less than 1 ppb to several tens of %. High tech technologies require the use of more and more rare metals, involving the consumption of ever more energy. This energy production in turn requires ever more raw materials. The use of rare metals (platinum, neodymium, tantalum, ruthenium, indium, cobalt ...) in new high tech technologies (flat screens, hard disks, LEDs, batteries, solar PV, wind power, high-performance engines ...) is driving growth. fast of the request. Many uses of rare metals are dispersive (inks, pigments, cosmetics, nanotechnologies), making recycling problematic. This runaway resource consumption makes the economic system unsustainable, even when it claims to provide "green growth".To remedy this situation, it might be preferable to replace high-tech technologies with "low tech" technologies, which involve questioning superfluous needs, designing truly sustainable products and reviewing production methods. These technologies do not require scarce resources and are designed for an extensive recycling of materials. They do not display technical feats, but aim at robustness and longevity. They are not the monopoly of a few, but are accessible to the greatest number. They are meaningful because they care about nature and the human being. The aim of frugal innovation is to design such simple and durable objects. In order to use only a minimum of resources, it uses recycling and exploits the by-products of agriculture or industry, so as to limit the discharge of waste. The equipment is designed to be more easily repairable and recyclable. Instead of forming a compact block, difficult to repair and recycle, they include modules that can be repaired or exchanged, without the need to change the whole. Such forms of innovation are already practiced to meet the needs of developing countries. Judaad innovation, whose name derives from a Hindi term meaning both ingenuity and resourcefulness, is designed to make the best use of all locally available resources, including recycled waste, by designing products and services. equipment adapted for such materials. It is now practiced throughout the world. More generally, it is about changing the current system towards more resilience, by agreeing to revise the design of technological products, ensuring that they are repairable do not require scarce resources and use components which can be easily recycled. Potential options need to be analyzed in depth to avoid unrealistic propositions such as those that Jeremy Rifkin expounds in his book on the "Third Industrial Revolution", to eliminate expensive gadgets and to focus on all solutions that represent real progress, rather than wanting to impose innovation at all costs.
La technologie promet toujours plus: abondance de biens, humanité augmentée par couplage homme-machine, intelligence artificielle, découverte de mondes nouveaux, vie prolongée. La contrepartie de ces promesses est la nécessité de recourir à toujours plus de ressources. Une partie de ces ressources peut être renouvelable (eau, biomasse), mais une très grande part d’entre elles nécessite une durée de renouvellement dépassant très largement la vie humaine. En outre, l’abondance des éléments présents dans la croûte terrestre est très variable, de moins de 1 ppb à plusieurs dizaines de %. Les technologies high tech nécessitent le recours à des métaux de plus en plus rares, ce qui implique la consommation de toujours plus d’énergie. Cette production d’énergie requiert à son tour toujours plus de matières premières. L’utilisation des métaux rares (platine, néodyme, tantale, ruthénium, indium, cobalt-…) dans les nouvelles technologies high tech (écrans plats, disques durs, LED, batteries, solaire PV, éolien, moteurs performants…) entraîne une croissance rapide de la demande. De nombreux usages des métaux rares sont dispersifs (encres, pigments, cosmétiques, nanotechnologies), rendant le recyclage problématique. Cet emballement de la consommation de ressources rend le système économique non durable, y compris lorsqu’il prétend assurer une « croissance verte ». Pour remédier à cette situation, il est préférable de substituer aux technologies high-tech, des technologies « low tech », consistant à remettre en cause les besoins superflus, à concevoir des produits réellement durables et à revoir les modes de production. Ces technologies ne nécessitent pas de ressources rares et pratiquent un recyclage poussé des matériaux en fin de vie.
