
Utopias seemed to have disappeared from the political horizon. Socialist utopias which were flourishing during the 19th century have not materialized, at least in their initial design. They even contributed to the implementation of totalitarian regimes during the 20th century and were therefore disqualified. However, the neoliberal globalization that started during the early 1990s has led to the present flat world, devoid of any vision for the future. Therefore, the need of utopias arises again. These utopias have to be desirable, thus avoiding the pitfalls of the past, and also achievable. The sociologist Erik Olin Wright describes as real utopias alternative political systems that might provide satisfactory solutions to current problems, "Real Utopias is thus a way of evaluating institutions that exist, our experience of future possibilities in our present activities , and proposals for new initiatives to realize emancipatory strategies". The different ways in which the State, social and economic powers can interact with each other have been analyzed by Eric Olin Wright, in order to identify the various possible alternatives to the current capitalist model. Depending on the type of power that dominates, social or economic, the state is either interventionist, democratic/social or liberal/neoliberal. Within a representative democracy, citizens (social power) elect representatives who are supposed to control the economic power. If the political power is weakened or becomes dependent on the economic power, they lose the power they were supposed to hold. Democracy becomes formal rather than real. The future is uncertain and many questions arise. What model of democracy should prevail in the future? How to preserve the environment? How to organize the society? Is direct or participatory democracy the right way to strengthen the control of citizens on the political power? How to ensure that the general interest prevails? Should we aim towards more globalization and a world government or rather towards more autonomy and local power? Is the utopia of a federation of independent communities likely to be implemented with the help of digital technologies? According to Eric Olin Wright it is only by restoring the social power that it becomes possible to transform the current system for the benefit of the many. The approach taken by the Dutch historian Rutger Bregman is almost opposite. The "Utopia for realists" he considers includes all the dreams presently popular. Tomorrow (by 2030), it will be possible to do away with poverty, establish a working week of 15 h, open the borders and ensure a basic income for all. This dream would become possible through the goodwill of all, despite all the economic and political obstacles, in a world dominated by a small minority holding most of the power. It is certainly possible to establish a basic income and in some countries it is not even an utopia, but to believe that we live in the "best of worlds" and that anything is possible is an illusion or even a deception.

La démarche suivie par l'historien néerlandais Rutger Bregman se situe presque à l'opposé de celle de Erik Olin Wright. Pour définir des "utopies réalistes", Il s'empare de thèmes actuels pour affirmer que demain (en 2030), il sera possible d'en finir avec la pauvreté, d'instaurer une semaine de travail de 15 h, de supprimer les frontières et d'assurer un revenu universel pour tous. Pour cela, il table sur la bonne volonté de tous (oui, c'est possible!), sans analyser les obstacles à la fois économiques et politiques, dans un monde dominé par une petite minorité de plus en plus riche qui détient l'essentiel du pouvoir. Certes, il est possible d'instaurer un revenu universel et dans certains pays dont la France avec le RSA ce n'est même plus une utopie, mais dans quelles conditions et avec quels résultats? Faire croire que nous vivons dans le "meilleur des mondes" et que tout est possible est au mieux une illusion, au pire une trahison.