Cold War has driven the development of Game theory. The main issue was to define the most rational nuclear warfare strategy. The Prisoner's Dilemma illustrates this kind of approach. Two prisoners are put in jail. Each of them can choose between confessing and denouncing his accomplice or remaining silent. If (1) A and B "cooperate" by remaining silent, they receive each one year in prison. If (2) one of them defects and the other remain silent, the first gets free, while the other gets a ten-year sentence. If (3) both of them defect, they each get five years of prison. The Table shows clearly that the choice (1) is the best for both A and B. Yet, accordind to the game theory, the rational choice is to defect, because each prisoner assumes that his colleague will not accept to take any risk by trying to cooperate and that he will choose also to defect. Therefore, they choose the option (3) and get five years of prison. The Prisoner's Dilemma (PD) shows that a system based upon the individual maximisation of the utility does not correspond to the optimal collective choice. A recent book shows that neoliberalism is based upon such a PD logic. The Prisoner's Dilemma illustrates the difference between classical liberalism and neoliberalism. Whereas the classical liberalism accepts the no-harm principle and the reciprocal respect of individuals' rights, neoliberal theory asserts that every actor will likely cheat, free-ride and seek self-gain. Confidence in the will of a partner to cooperate is considered as unrealistic, with two big consequences: (a) true cooperation becomes impossible and (b) in order to avoid cheating, massive surveillance means and heavy sanctions are required. Therefore, the society becomes less democratic and moves towards a police state. It is the risk facing neoliberalism.
