The Darwinian theory of evolution is most often presented as the result of random transformations selected through an adaptation mechanism. It is considered to follow all directions. The apparition of human beings is one of its outcomes, among many others. This vision is not accepted by the supporters of the "intelligent design" concept. This concept is rejected by most scientists, but it can be presented in different ways. The biochemist Michael Denton claims that, according to a structuralist view, only some specific shapes or structures are compatible with the laws of nature, leading to the complex structures which can be observed in living species. He relates these shapes to the anthropic principle, which might imply that an intelligent design is present since the Big bang. Still the mere idea that only structures compatible with the laws of physics and chemistry can be easily accepted, and does not seem uncompatible with the Darwinian mechanism of selection. A more radical view can be derived from the vision of Teilhard de Chardin, who considered that evolution is leading life towards ever more consciousness and intelligence until it might reach the "Omega point". This vision is not either in contradiction with the Darwinian mechanism of selection, as reaching a higher level of consciousness and intelligence helps a living being to reach a better adaptation to its surrounding environment. Therefore it is not necessary to imagine any teleological mechanism for driving such an evolution, which can be achieved through self-organization. The rise of consciousness and intelligence during evolution remains a fact and it may be found surprising that the role of consciousness during evolution has been hardly taken into account until now.
La théorie Darwinienne de l'évolution est souvent interprétée comment répondant au "hasard et à la nécessité", le hasard des mutations et la nécessité de la sélection naturelle. Le résultat de cette évolution est perçu comme un buisson foisonnant, dont aucune orientation n'est privilégiée. Cette vision est contestée par les partisans du "dessein intelligent", forme atténuée du "créationnisme", cherchant à faire passer des idées similaires, mais sous un habillage plus compatible avec le langage scientifique. L'idée centrale est qu'il est impossible de bâtir un organe complexe, semblable à une horloge, par des modifications graduelles menées au hasard, même lorsqu'elles font l'objet d'un mécanisme de sélection. Le concept de "dessein intelligent", qui est soutenu par des lobbys conservateurs, notamment aux Etats-Unis est rejeté par la quasi totalité des scientifiques. Il n'a d'ailleurs jamais pu être formulé sous forme d'une explication concrète des phénomènes observés.
Il existe une forme encore plus atténuée du même principe, formulée par le biochimiste britannique