The future of the Western civilization appears presently as most uncertain. Already after the first World War, in 1919, Paul Valery was writing: "We, civilizations, know that we are mortal", while Oswald Spengler was publishing his book "The Decline of the West". For Oswald Spengler, each civilization undergoes through birth, growth, aging and death. For him, a civilization is characterized by its abity to fulfill material objectives and differs from "culture", which corresponds to the initial blooming period. As a civilization becomes unable to reinvent its cultural foundations, it is bound to decay. Although the work of Spengler was criticized and discarded during a long period, his intuitions become quite relevant presently. The concept of civilization has to be used with some care, as the idea of a "clash of civilizations" has been exploited by neoconservatists as an argument for promoting war and conflicts. The Western civilization has spread throughout the world, and the end of the Western civilization would be, to a large extent, the end of the present global civilization. Already in 1970, the Meadows report was predicting a collapse of the economy and demography, due to the lack of natural resources. The idea of a collapse due to ecological causes was later developed by Jared Diamond in his now famous book. Such a scenario was applied to the Western civilization by Eric M. Conway and Naomi Oreskes. A new thinking about a potential "collapse" is emerging presently. Ecological causes are not the only ones which can produce a collapse. Economic and political factors can also play a major role as explained by Dmtry Orlov. A major war, especially if it becomes nuclear, could also cause such a collapse. Besides all material causes, the present crisis of meaning and the incapacity of the West to reinvent its cultural and inner values is probably the most immediate and serious cause of collapse, as anticipated by Oswald Spengler.
Une question lancinante concerne l’avenir de la civilisation occidentale actuelle. Au lendemain de la Première guerre mondiale, des voix s’étaient déjà fait entendre en Europe pour évoquer les menaces à l’horizon. Paul Valéry écrivait : « Nous autres civilisations savons à présent que nous sommes mortelles » (La crise de l'esprit, 1919), tandis qu’Oswald Spengler publiait son ouvrage célèbre, quoique controversé, « Le déclin de l’Occident » (1918-1923). Pour Oswald Splengler, chaque civilisation passe par des phases successives de naissance, croissance, vieillesse et mort. Il opposait par ailleurs culture et civilisation, réservant le terme de civilisation à une société orientée vers des objectifs matériels, à l’image de la Rome antique. Devenant incapable de réinventer ses fondements culturels, toute civilisation est condamnée au déclin. Cette vision pessimiste de l’avenir a été oubliée en Occident, au cours de la longue période de prospérité économique qui a suivi la Seconde guerre Mondiale. La démarche d’Oswald Spengler, qui était fondée sur l’analogie vitaliste entre civilisations et organismes vivants, a été souvent jugée peu scientifique. Dans le contexte actuel, ses intuitions retrouvent néanmoins une actualité troublante.